КР.Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности

Задание -1-

Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в требуемых видовременных и

залоговых формах.

The Empire State Building (1) ________ (to be) an iconic office building

known as "the Most Famous Skyscraper in the World." Construction (2) ________

(to begin) in 1930, and the grand opening (3) ________ (to hold) on May 1, 1931

It was the world’s tallest free-standing structure until 1967 and the world’s tallest

skyscraper for over 40 years. It (4) ________ (to displace) in 1972 by the

construction of the World Trade Center towers. Today it stands as the tallest

building in New York City, a sad, but defiant, reminder of the World Trade Center

tragedy.

The site of the Empire State Building was originally occupied by

brownstone mansions (5) ________ (to own) by members of the illustrious

Waldorf Astor family. Built in 1856 (the site was previously farmland), the houses

were torn down to make way for hotels. The Waldorf Hotel was built first; not long

after, a second hotel was built on the land, and they (6) ________ (to join), thus

creating the legendary Waldorf-Astoria. The epitome of style at the time of its

construction in 1897, it (7) ________ (to take) only a few decades for the Waldorf-

Astoria to fall out of fashion. It was purchased for roughly $15 million in 1929 and

scheduled for demolition in favor of an office building.

At the time, new technologies (8) ________ (to push) commercial real-estate

development ever higher. Steel-frame construction allowed a building to support

more weight, allowing for taller structures. The elevator was a vital invention that

(9) _________ (can / to provide) access to upper floors – no one would lease space

on the 50th floor if they had to take the stairs to get there. In 1930, the Chrysler

building (a building some people mistake for the Empire State Building) (10)

________ (to take) the record for world’s tallest skyscraper at 77 stories and just

over 1,000 feet tall. Even more notable is the sunburst design at the top, one of the

best examples of Art Deco design.

Задание -2-

Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

Building the Tower Bridge

The most famous example of the bascule bridge is the Tower Bridge across the

River Thames in the heart of London. Engineers were able to build this type of

bridge without interrupting traffic on the great commercial waterway.THE problem of building a bridge over a busy river with low banks so that

shipping is not obstructed is one that taxes the resource and ingenuity of the

engineer. He surmounts the difficulty by resorting to the opening type of bridge, of

which the main types are the drawbridge or bascule bridge, turning about a

horizontal axis; the swing bridge, turning about a vertical axis; the rolling lift

bridge and the vertical lift bridge. One of the most famous examples of the bascule

type is the Tower Bridge, which spans the River Thames just below London

Bridge. It is the most distinctive of London’s bridges and its construction was a

masterly engineering achievement.

The building of the Tower Bridge

came about because the development

of cross-Thames traffic had far

outstripped the capacity of the

existing bridges. By the year 1870 the

position had become serious, and

between 1874 and 1885 some thirty

petitions from various public bodies

were brought before the authorities

urging either the widening of London Bridge or the building of a new bridge. A

two days’ census taken during August 1882 showed that the average traffic for

twenty-four hours over London Bridge - which at that time was only 54 feet wide

- was 22,242 vehicles and 110,525 pedestrians.

A committee was appointed to consider the matter and to report upon the different

plans that had been proposed. These included schemes for low-level bridges with

swing openings of various kinds, and high-level bridges with inclined approaches

or with lifts at either end. There was also a proposal for a railway line to be built at

the bottom of the river and to carry a travelling staging with its deck projecting

above high-water level. Proposals for a subway and for large paddle-wheel ferry

boats were also considered. None of these schemes was approved.

In 1878 Horace Jones, the City

architect, put forward a proposal

for a low-level bridge on the

bascule principle - that is, a

bridge on a level with the streets

with two leaves or arms that

could be raised to let ships pass

up and down the river and

lowered to let vehicles pass to

and fro across the waterway.

Successful bridges of this type

already existed, though on a much smaller scale, at Rotterdam and Copenhagen.“Bascule” is derived from the French word for “see-saw”, and the bascule bridge is

a kind of drawbridge which works on a pivot and has a heavy weight at one end to

balance the greater length at the other. This was the type of bridge finally decided

upon, and it has proved a great success. The Tower Bridge is, perhaps, the most

famous bascule bridge in the world, and its working from the day it was first

opened to the present has been perfect, far exceeding the hopes even of its most

enthusiastic advocates.

An Act of Parliament empowering the Corporation of the City of London to build

the bridge was passed in 1885 Horace Jones was appointed architect and was

knighted, but died the same year, and Mr. (afterwards Sir) John Wolfe Barry was

appointed engineer. The work was divided among eight different contractors.

Among them Sir John Jackson was responsible for the piers and abutments, Sir

William Arrol for the steel superstructure, Sir W. G. Armstrong, Mitchell and Co,

Ltd, for the hydraulic machinery and Perry and Company for the masonry

superstructure. Work was started on the bridge in April 1886, the foundation stone

being laid, on behalf of Queen Victoria, by the Prince of Wales, afterwards King

Edward VII. The bridge was to have been finished by 1889, but difficulties arose

and Parliament was twice asked to extend the time for the completion of the work.

It did so, and the bridge was eventually opened on June 30, 1894, having cost

about £1,000,000 sterling to build, a remarkably small sum for such a bridge in

such a position.

The total length of the bridge, including the approaches, is half a mile. The

roadway has a width of 35 feet and on either side of it is a footway 12½ feet wide.

The total height of the towers on the piers, measured from the level of the

foundations, is 293 feet.

140 Feet Headway for Ships

In building the bridge there were used about 235,000 cubic feet of Cornish granite

and Portland stone, 20,000 tons of cement, 70,000 cubic yards of concrete,

31,000,000 bricks and 14,000 tons of iron and steel.

The bridge is a combination of the suspension and bascule type. The width of the

river between the abutments of the bridge on the north and south sides is 880 feet.

This is crossed by three spans. The two side spans, each 270 feet long, are of the

suspension type. They are carried on stout chains that pass at their landward ends

over abutment towers of moderate height to anchorages in the shore. At their river

ends the chains pass over lofty towers which are themselves connected at an

elevation of 143 feet above high water. Heavy tie bars, at the level of the

connecting girders, unite the two pairs of chains so that one acts as anchorage for

the other at the centre. The central span has two high-level footways side by side,

and one low-level roadway. High-level girders carry the upper footways, which are

reached by hydraulic lifts or staircases in the main towers. The roadway, or central

opening span, is 200 feet long and consists of two bascules or leaves.The Tower Bridge Act laid down that when the bridge was open there should be a

clear headway at high tide between the water and the high-level footways of 135

feet and a headway of 29 feet when the bridge was closed. These dimensions were

exceeded in practice, the open height being 5 feet and the closed height 6 in greater

than had been prescribed. This was above high-water level. The greatest extreme

between high and low tide at Tower Bridge is 25 feet. The Act further stipulated

that the piers were to be 185 feet long and 70 feet wide. There was also a clause

making it compulsory to

maintain at all times during

the building of the bridge a

clear waterway 160 feet

wide.

This stipulation made it

impossible for the two piers

to be built at the same time,

because the staging would

have occupied far too much

of the river space. As the use of timber cofferdams was prohibited, the builders had

to rely on caissons. The restricted area which they were allowed for their staging,

130 feet by 335 feet, did not permit the use of one caisson extending the full length

of a pier. The builders therefore adopted a system of small caissons covering the

area of the pier. By this means it was possible while building one of the piers to be

working also at the shore side of the other. Had both piers proceeded

simultaneously a saving of thirteen or fourteen months might have been effected.

The piers of the Tower Bridge are much more complicated structures than the piers

of an ordinary bridge. In addition to supporting the towers carrying the overhead

girders for the high-level footways and the suspension chains of the fixed spans,

they also house the counterpoise and the machinery which operates the bascules.

Triangular Caissons

The caissons used for securing the foundation of the piers consisted of strong

boxes of wrought iron, without either top or bottom. To secure a good foundation it

was found necessary to sink them to a depth of about 21 feet into the bed of the

river. There were twelve caissons for each pier. On the north and south sides of

each pier was a row of four caissons, each 28 feet square, joined at either end by a

pair of triangular caissons, formed approximately to the shape of the finished pier.

There was a space of 2½ feet between all the caissons, this being considered the

least dimension in which men could effectively work. The caissons enclosed a

rectangular space 34 feet by 124½ feet. The space was not excavated until the

permanent work forming the outside portion of the pier had been built, in the

caissons and between them, up to a height of 4 feet above high-water mark.The method adopted in building and sinking the caissons was unusual. First came

the building of the caisson upon wooden supports over the site where it was to be

sunk. The caisson was 19 feet in height and it was divided horizontally into two

lengths. The lower portion was known as the permanent caisson and the upper

portion, which was removable when the pier was completed, was called the

temporary caisson. The object of this upper portion was simply to keep out water

while the pier was being built. When ready the supports were removed and the

permanent caisson lowered to the river bed (this had

previously been levelled by divers) by means of four

powerful screws attached to four lowering rods.

After the caisson had reached the ground various

lengths of temporary caisson were added to the

permanent section, till the top of the temporary

portion came above the level of high water. The joint

between the permanent and the temporary caissons

was made tight with indiarubber.

Divers working inside the caisson excavated first the

gravel and then the upper part of the clay forming the

bed of the river. As they dug away the soil, which

was hauled up by a crane and taken away in barges,

the caisson gradually sank until its bottom edge

penetrated some 5 feet to 10 feet into the solid

London clay. London clay is a firm watertight

stratum, and when the desired depth had been

reached by the caisson it was safe to pump out the

water, which up to this time had remained in the caisson, rising and falling with the

tide through the sluices in the sides. The water having been pumped out, navvies

were able to get to the bottom of the caisson and to dig out the clay in the dry.

Additional lengths of temporary caisson were added as the caisson sank, so that at

last each caisson was a box of iron 57 feet high, in which the preparation of the

foundations could be made.

The caisson having been controlled from the first by the lowering rods and screws,

its descent any farther than was desired was easily arrested by the rods when the

bottom of the caisson was 20 feet below the bed of the river.

The clay was then excavated 7 feet deeper than the bottom of the caisson, and

outwards beyond the cutting edge for a distance of 5 feet on three of the four sides

of the caisson. In this way not only was the area of the foundations of the pier

enlarged but, as the sideways excavations adjoined similar excavations from the

next caissons, the whole foundation also was made continuous.

All the permanent caissons, with the spaces between them were then completely

filled with concrete, upon which the brickwork and masonry were begun in the

temporary caisson and carried up to 4 feet above high water. The preparation of thefoundations was a long and troublesome task because of the extent of the river

traffic, which made it difficult to berth the necessary barges. On two occasions

“blows” occurred which hindered the operations. When the cutting edge of one of

the caissons had reached a depth of 16 feet beneath the river bed, water rushed into

the caisson through a rent in the clay. The caisson had to be lowered still farther to

seal the opening when the water was pumped out.

Задание -3-

Изучите структуру сопроводительного письма о приеме на работу (Letter

of Application) и составьте собственное письмо, следуя приведенному

образцу.

Сопроводительное письмо к резюме (Letter of Application) – важный

документ, который необходим при трудоустройстве в зарубежную

компанию или отечественную фирму с определенными требованиями к

соискателям. К составлению сопроводительного письма необходимо

отнестись со всей ответственностью.

Сопроводительное письмо к резюме оформляется по общепринятым

критериям. В частности:



На отдельном бланке при отправлении в распечатанном виде.



В теле электронного письма в формате MS Word.



С реквизитами, заголовком, датой, а также наименованием и адресом

получателя, оформленными в соответствии с правилами по

написанию деловых писем.

Сопроводительное письмо на отклик на вакансию или же к резюме

обязательно должно «зацепить» работодателя. В нем, как правило,

отражается то, что именно вы – наилучший кандидат на вакантное

место, соответствующий всем заявленным критериям компании.